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Ammonia

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Preparation of Ammonia:

1.When Ammonium Chloride is heated with slaked lime (Calcium hydroxide),Ammonia gas is formed:

NH₄Cl + Ca(OH)₂→ CaCl₂+ NH₃ + H₂O

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2.When Magnesium nitride is added to water, Ammonia gas is formed:

Mg₃N₂ + H₂O → Mg(OH)₂ + NH₃

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3.When Aluminium nitride is added to water, Ammonia gas is formed:

AlN + H₂O → Al(OH)₃ + NH₃

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4.When A mixture of Nitrogen gas and Hydrogen gas is passed over Iron catalyst at 200 atm pressure and 450^oC, Ammonia gas is formed (Haber Process):

N₂ + H₂ ⇌ NH₃

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Reactions of Ammonia:

1. Ammonia reacts with Hydrogen Chloride gas to form white fumes of Ammonium chloride:

HCl + NH₃→ NH₄Cl

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2. Ammonia reacts with Nitric acid to form Ammonium nitrate:

HNO₃ + NH₃→ NH₄NO₃

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3. Ammonia reacts with Sulphuric acid to form Ammonium sulphate:

H₂SO₄ + NH₃→ (NH₄)₂SO₄

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4.Ammonia burns in oxygen to form Nitrogen gas:

NH₃ + O₂→ N₂ + H₂O

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5.Ammonia reduces black copper(II)oxide into brown copper metal:

NH₃ + CuO → N₂ + Cu + H₂O

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6.Ammonia reduces yellow lead(II)oxide into grey lead metal:

NH₃ + PbO → N₂ + Pb + H₂O

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7.Excess Ammonia reacts with Chlorine gas to form white fumes of Ammonium chloride:

NH₃ + Cl₂→ N₂ + NH₄Cl

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8.Excess Chlorine reacts with Ammonia gas to form misty fumes of Hydrogen chloride:

NH₃ + Cl₂ → NCl₃ + HCl

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9. When a mixture of Ammonia and air is passed over hot platinum catalyst, Ammonia reacts with oxygen of air to form nirogen monoxide gas:

NH₃ + O₂ ⇌ NO + H₂O

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Reactions of aqueous Ammonia(Ammonium Hydroxide):

1. When aqueous Ammonia is added to a solution of Lead(II)nitrate, a white precipitate of Lead(II)hydroxide is formed.This precipitate is insoluble in excess aqueous ammonia:

NH₄OH + Pb(NO₃)₂ → Pb(OH)₂ + NH₄NO₃

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2. When aqueous Ammonia is added to a solution of Iron(II)sulphate, a green precipitate of Iron(II)hydroxide is formed.This precipitate is insoluble in excess aqueous ammonia:

NH₄OH + FeSO₄→ Fe(OH)₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₄

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3. When aqueous Ammonia is added to a solution of Iron(III)chloride, a reddish brown precipitate of Iron(III)hydroxide is formed.This precipitate is insoluble in excess aqueous ammonia:

NH₄OH + FeCl₃→ Fe(OH)₃ + NH₄Cl

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4. When aqueous Ammonia is added to a solution of Aluminium chloride, a white gelatinous precipitate of Aluminium hydroxide is formed.This precipitate is insoluble in excess aqueous ammonia:

NH₄OH + AlCl₃ → Al(OH)₃ + NH₄Cl

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5. When aqueous Ammonia is added to a solution of Copper(II)sulphate, a blue precipitate of Copper(II)hydroxide is formed.This precipitate dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form a deep blue solution:

NH₄OH + CuSO₄ → Cu(OH)₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₄

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Cu(OH)₂ + NH₃ → Cu(NH₃)₄²⁺ + OH^-

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6. When aqueous Ammonia is added to a solution of Zinc sulphate, a white gelatinous precipitate of Zinc hydroxide is formed.This precipitate dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form a colourless solution:

NH₄OH + ZnSO₄ → Zn(OH)₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₄

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Zn(OH)₂ + NH₃ → Zn(NH₃)₄²⁺ + OH^-

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