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Nitric Acid

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Preparation of Nitric acid:

1. When Potassium nitrate is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, nitric acid is formed:

KNO₃ + H₂SO₄→ KHSO₄+ HNO₃

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2.When Sodium Nitrate is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, niric acid is formed:

NaNO₃ + H₂SO₄→ NaHSO₄+ HNO₃

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Manufacture of Nitric acid (Ostwald's Process):

When a mixture of ammonia gas and air is passed over Platinum catalyst at 700^oCand 5 atmosphere pressure, nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide) is formed.

NH₃ + O₂ ⇌ NO + H₂O

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Nitrogen monoxide then reacts with oxygen at low temperature to form nitrogen dioxide gas:

NO + O₂→ NO₂

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Nitrogen dioxide then reacts with water and oxygen to form Nitric acid:

NO₂ + H₂O + O₂ → HNO₃

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Reactions of dilute Nitric acid:

1. Magnesium reacts with very dilute nitric acid to form bubbles of Hydrogen gas:

Mg + HNO₃→ Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂

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2.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with Ammonia to form Ammonium nitrate:

HNO₃ + NH₃→ NH₄NO₃

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3. Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Calcium oxide to form colourless Calcium nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + CaO → Ca(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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4. Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Magnesium oxide to form colourless Magnesium nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + MgO → Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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5.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Zinc oxide to form colourless Zinc nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + ZnO → Zn(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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6. Dilute Nitric acid reacts with black Copper(II) oxide to form blue solution of Copper(II) nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + CuO → Cu(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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7.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with Potassium hydroxide to form Potassium nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + KOH → KNO₃ + H₂O

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8.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with Sodium hydroxide to form Sodium nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + NaOH → NaNO₃ + H₂O

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9.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with Calcium hydroxide to form Calcium nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ → Ca(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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10.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Magnesium hydroxide to form colourless Magnesium nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + Mg(OH)₂ → Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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11.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Aluminium hydroxide to form colourless Aluminium nitrate and water

HNO₃ + Al(OH)₃ → Al(NO₃)₃ + H₂O

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12.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Zinc hydroxide to form colourless Zinc nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + Zn(OH)₂ → Zn(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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13.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with green Iron(II) hydroxide to form light green Iron(II) nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + Fe(OH)₂ → Fe(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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14.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with reddish brown Iron(III)hydroxide to form yellow Iron(III) nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + Fe(OH)₃ → Fe(NO₃)₃ + H₂O

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15.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Lead(II)hydroxide to form colourless Lead(II)nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + Pb(OH)₂ → Pb(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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16.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with blue copper(II) hydroxide to form blue copper(II)nitrate and water:

HNO₃ + Cu(OH)₂ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + H₂O

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17.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with Potassium carbonate to form Potassium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water:

HNO₃ + K₂CO₃ → KNO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O

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18.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with Sodium carbonate to form Sodium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water:

HNO₃ + Na₂CO₃→NaNO₃+ CO₂+H₂O

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18.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Calcium carbonate to form Calcium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water:

HNO₃ + CaCO₃ → Ca(NO₃)₂+CO₂ +H₂O

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19.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Magnesium carbonate to form Magnesium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water:

HNO₃+ MgCO₃ → Mg(NO₃)₂+CO₂ +H₂O

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20.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Zinc carbonate to form Calcium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water:

HNO₃ + ZnCO₃ → Zn(NO₃)₂+CO₂ +H₂O

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21.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with white Lead(II) carbonate to form Calcium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water:

HNO₃+ PbCO₃→ Pb(NO₃)₂+CO₂ +H₂O

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22.Dilute Nitric acid reacts with green Copper (II) carbonate to form blue Copper (II) nitrate, carbon dioxide and water:

HNO₃+ CuCO₃ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + CO₂ +H₂O

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23.Dilute Nitric acid oxidizes Copper metal to form Copper (II) nitrate, Nitrogen monoxide (Nitric oxide)gas and water:

HNO₃ + Cu → Cu(NO₃)₂ + NO + H₂O

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Reactions of concentrated Nitric acid (As an oxidizing agent):

1. Concentrated Nitric acid reacts with Copper metal to form Copper(II)nitrate, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour, and water:

HNO₃ + Cu → Cu(NO₃)₂ + NO₂ + H₂O

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2.Concentrated Nitric acid reacts with Carbon to form carbon dioxide gas, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour, and water:

HNO₃ + C → CO₂ + NO₂ + H₂O

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3.Concentrated Nitric acid reacts with Sulphur to form Sulphuric acid, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour, and water:

HNO₃ + S → H₂SO₄ + NO₂ + H₂O

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Effect of heat on metal Nitrates:

1. When Potassium nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form Potassium nitrite and Oxygen gas:

KNO₃ → KNO₂ + O₂

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2. When Sodium nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form Sodium nitrite and Oxygen gas:

NaNO₃ → NaNO₂ + O₂

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3. When Calcium nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form white Calcium oxide, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour and Oxygen gas:

Ca(NO₃)₂ → CaO + NO₂ + O₂

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4. When Magnesium nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form white Magnesium oxide, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour and Oxygen gas:

Mg(NO₃)₂ → MgO + NO₂ + O₂

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5. When Aluminium nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form white Aluminium oxide, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour and Oxygen gas:

Al(NO₃)₃ → Al₂O₃ + NO₂ + O₂

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6. When Zinc nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form zinc oxide which is yellow when hot and white when cold, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour and Oxygen gas:

Zn(NO₃)₂ → ZnO + NO₂ + O₂

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7. When Lead(II) nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form yellow Lead(II)oxide, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour and Oxygen gas:

Pb(NO₃)₂ → PbO + NO₂ + O₂

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8. When blue Copper(II) nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form black Copper(II)oxide, Nitrogen dioxide gas which is acidic, pungent smelling and reddish brown in colour and Oxygen gas:

Cu(NO₃)₂ → CuO + NO₂ + O₂

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9. When Ammonium nitrate is heated strongly it decomposes to form Nitrous oxide (Laughing gas)and water:

NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + H₂O

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10. When Ammonium nitrite is heated strongly it explodes to form nitrogen and water:

NH₄NO₂ → N₂ + H₂O

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